ASTM B667-1997(2009) 电接触阻力测量用探头的制造和使用的标准实施规程

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【英文标准名称】:StandardPracticeforConstructionandUseofaProbeforMeasuringElectricalContactResistance
【原文标准名称】:电接触阻力测量用探头的制造和使用的标准实施规程
【标准号】:ASTMB667-1997(2009)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:1997
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:B02.11
【标准类型】:(Practice)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:接触电阻
【英文主题词】:contactresistance;electricalcontact;goldprobe;reliability;resistanceprobe;wireprobe;Electricalresistance/resistivity--electricalcontactmaterials;Electricalcontactmaterials;Probemethods
【摘要】:Electricalcontactresistanceisanimportantcharacteristicofthecontactincertaincomponents,suchasconnectors,switches,sliprings,andrelays.Ordinarily,contactresistanceisrequiredtobelowandstableforproperfunctioningofmanydevicesorapparatusinwhichthecomponentisused.Itismoreconvenienttodeterminecontactresistancewithaprobethantoincorporatethecontactmaterialintoanactualcomponentforthepurposeofmeasurement.However,iftheprobecontactmaterialisdifferentfromthatemployedinthecomponent,theresultsobtainedmaynotbeapplicabletothedevice.Informationoncontactresistanceisusefulinmaterialsdevelopment,infailureanalysisstudies,inthemanufacturingandqualitycontrolofcontactdevices,andinresearch.Contactresistanceisnotauniquesingle-valuedpropertyofamaterial.Itisaffectedbythemechanicalconditionsofthecontact,thegeometryandroughnessofcontactingsurfaces,surfacecleanliness,andcontacthistory,aswellasbythematerialpropertiesofhardnessandconductivityofbothcontactingmembers.Anobjectiveofthispracticeistodefineandcontrolmanyoftheknownvariablesinsuchawaythatvalidcomparisonsofthecontactpropertiesofmaterialscanbemade.Insometechniquesformeasuringcontactresistanceitisnotpossibletoeliminatebulkresistance,thatis,theresistanceofthemetalpiecescomprisingthecontactandtheresistanceofthewiresandconnectionsusedtointroducethetestcurrentintothesamples.Inthesecases,themeasurementisactuallyofanoverallresistance,whichisoftenconfusedwithcontactresistance.1.1Thispracticedescribesequipmentandtechniquesformeasuringelectricalcontactresistancewithaprobeandthepresentationofresults.1.2ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasstandard.Nootherunitsofmeasurementareincludedinthisstandard.1.3Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,ifany,associatedwithitsuse.ItistheresponsibilityoftheuserofthisstandardtobecomefamiliarwithallhazardsincludingthoseidentifiedintheappropriateMaterialSafetyDataSheet(MSDS)forthisproduct/materialasprovidedbythemanufacturer,toestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthpractices,anddeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.
【中国标准分类号】:N25
【国际标准分类号】:17_220_20
【页数】:5P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语


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【英文标准名称】:Foodprocessingmachinery-Clippingmachines-Safetyandhygienerequirements
【原文标准名称】:食品加工机.剪断机.安全和卫生要求
【标准号】:BSEN13885-2005
【标准状态】:作废
【国别】:英国
【发布日期】:2005-08-09
【实施或试行日期】:2005-08-09
【发布单位】:英国标准学会(GB-BSI)
【起草单位】:BSI
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:设备安全;噪声测量;卡箍;危害;人类工效学;清洁处理;安全要求;机器;卫生学;保护措施;定义;剪断机;准备工业;规范(验收);用户信息;文献工作;机械工程;食品;安全;食品料;试验;食品机;危险;使用说明;安全措施
【英文主题词】:Cleaning;Clippingmachines;Clips;Danger;Definition;Definitions;Equipmentsafety;Ergonomics;Foodproducts;Foodstuff;Foodstuffmachine;Hazards;Hygiene;Instructionsforuse;Machines;Mechanicalengineering;Noisemeasurements;Operationalinstructions;Protectivemeasures;Provisionindustry;Safety;Safetymeasures;Safetyrequirements;Specification(approval);Testing;Userinformation
【摘要】:1ThisEuropeanStandardappliestoclippingmachinesThisEuropeanStandardspecifiessafetyandhygienerequirementstominimisethehazardswhichcanariseduringthecommissioning,theuseandthemaintenanceofclippingmachinesforportioningandclosingofcasingsfilledwithfoodstuffs,andintendedtobeusedinbutcheries,meatprocessingfactories,mainkitchensandotherfoodprocessingfactories.ThisEuropeanStandarddealswithallsignificanthazards,hazardoussituationsandeventsrelevanttoclippingmachines,whentheyareusedasintendedandundertheconditionsforeseenbythemanufacturer(seeClause4).ThisEuropeanStandardisnotapplicabletoclippingmachineswhicharemanufacturedbeforethedateofpublicationofthisEuropeanStandardbyCEN.2ThisEuropeanStandardcoversthefollowingtypesofmachines:Concerningthesortofactuation:—machineforgatheringupbyhand,powermotionedlocking-stroke;—machineforautomatic-motionedgatheringandautomatic-motionedlocking-stroke.Concerningtheremoval-system:—machinewithremovalbyfixedormovableclip-guide(seeFigures1and2);—machinewithspread-removal(seeFigures3and4).3DescriptionClippingmachineswillbeusedforclosingoftubeswithasingle-clip(oneside)oradouble-clip(endlockingandstartlocking).Themachinesareequippedwithclosingtools(punch/die),whichmakethelockingbydeformingthelocking-element(clip).Aremoval/gatheringisusedtoformafreespaceandtogatherthetubeinawaythatthelockingequipmentcanbeputoverthepressedtailandthiscanbelocked.Byautomaticactiontheclippingmachinewillbeplacedattheendofthefilling-tubeandaftereachejectingofthefilling-portiontherearepositionedoneortwoclipsatthecasing.Fromthemachinethefilledportionwillbedividedwithaknifefromtheskinwhichstillremainsonthefilling-tube.Ifnecessary,anadditionalloopforhangingupthepackagewillbeattached.4IntendeduseAclippingmachineisdesignedandconstructedinsuchaway,thatincombinationwithafillingequipment,thefoodstuffwillbetransportedthroughafilling-tubeinacasing,whichisgatheredonthefilling-tube.Afterwardsthiscasingwillbeclosedwithaclip.Furthermore,itisusualtoclosealreadyfilledcasings,bagsorotherpackagesbyhandwithafree-standingorhand-operated/handheldclippingmachine.Althoughitshouldbeadvisedagainst,thestandard,takingintoaccountpractice,dealswiththehazardsduetocleaningwithpressurisedwater.Withtheaimofclarifyingtheintentionsofthestandardandavoidingdoubtswhenreadingit,thefollowingassumptionsweremadewhenproducingit:—onlydesignatedandinstructedpersonsoperatethemachine;—placeofuseisadequatelylit.
【中国标准分类号】:X90
【国际标准分类号】:67_260
【页数】:46P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语


【英文标准名称】:Sterilizationofhealthcareproducts-Chemicalindicators-Part1:Generalrequirements
【原文标准名称】:保健产品的灭菌.化学指示剂.第1部分:一般要求
【标准号】:ISO11140-1-2005
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:国际
【发布日期】:2005-07
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:国际标准化组织(IX-ISO)
【起草单位】:ISO/TC198
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:示踪法;甲醛;蒸汽灭菌器;干热;蒸汽灭菌;医疗产品;环氧乙烷;光线疗法;指示器;热处理;性能要求;热学;定义;化学指示剂;保健;非生物;灭菌;文字书写;包装件;规范(验收);试验;电离辐射;进程;储存期限;监督(认可);分类系统;医疗技术学;灭菌器;设备;医学科学
【英文主题词】:Biologicalhazards;Chemicalindicators;Classes;Classification;Classificationsystems;Definitions;Disposables;Dryheat;Dryness;Equipment;Ethyleneoxide;Formaldehyde;Healthprotection;Heat;Heattreatment;Indicators;Instructionsforuse;Ionizing;Ionizingradiation;Letterings;Marking;Markingofroads;Medicaldevices;Medicalproducts;Medicalsciences;Medicaltechnology;Non-biological;Packages;Performance;Performancerequirements;Phototherapy;Process;Radiation;Shelflife;Specification;Specification(approval);Steamsterilization;Steamsterilizers;Sterilization(hygiene);Sterilizers;Surveillance(approval);Systems;Testing;Tracermethods;Use;Vapours
【摘要】:ThispartofISO11140specifiesgeneralrequirementsandtestmethodsforindicatorsthatshowexposuretosterilizationprocessesbymeansofphysicaland/orchemicalchangeofsubstances,andwhichareusedtomonitortheattainmentofoneormoreofthevariablesrequiredforasterilizationprocess.Theyarenotdependentfortheiractiononthepresenceorabsenceofalivingorganism.NOTEBiologicaltestsystemsareregardedasthosetestswhicharedependentfortheirinterpretationonthedemonstrationoftheviabilityofanorganism.TestsystemsofthistypeareconsideredintheISO11138seriesforbiologicalindicators(BIs).TherequirementsandtestmethodsofthispartofISO11140applytoallindicatorsspecifiedinsubsequentpartsofISO11140,unlesstherequirementismodifiedoraddedtobyasubsequentpart,inwhichcasetherequirementofthatparticularpartwillapply.RelevanttestequipmentisdescribedinISO18472.NOTEAdditionalrequirementsforspecifictestindicators(Class2indicators)aregiveninISO11140-3,ISO11140-4andISO11140-5.
【中国标准分类号】:C50
【国际标准分类号】:11_080_01;11_080_20
【页数】:27P;A4
【正文语种】:英语